Energy safety and climate change have become topics of prime interest in current debates about international politics, economy, and the environment. In the ongoing process of modernization, China will continue to face challenges in providing a secure energy supply and in mitigating climate change over the long term. The development of future energy supply and usage in China will have a substantial impact on global energy markets and the local environment as well as implications for global climate change. China is currently one of the fastest growing regions in the global automotive market, and it has become one of the world’s largest nations for automobile consumption and production. Automotive energy has therefore become a core energy and environmental issue in the country. The paper aims at identifying and addressing the key issues of sustainable automotive energy transformation in China in a systematic way, covering economics, technology and policy. The role of transport demand management, fuel economy improvement, vehicle technology innovations, and alternative fuel development in China’s sustainable automotive energy system transformation have been modeled within an integrated energy-economy-environment assessment framework. The paper can help readers gain a better understanding of the nature of China’s automotive energy development and be informed about: 1) the current status of automotive energy consumption, vehicle technology development, automotive energy technology development and policy; 2) the future of automotive energy development, fuel consumption, propulsion technology penetration and automotive energy technology development, and 3) the pathways of sustainable automotive energy transformation in China, in particular, the technological and the policy-related options.

Prof. Xiliang Zhang
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China

Mr. Zhang holds a Ph.D. of Engineering from Tsinghua University. Dr. Zhang is currently a professor of Management Science and Engineering and director of Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University. Prof. Zhang has also been appointed as the executive director of China Automotive Energy Research Center, Tsinghua University since 2008. Prof. Zhang has conducted research on sustainable energy technology innovation and diffusion, markets, policies, and futures for China. Prof. Zhang served as the co-leader of the expert group for drafting China Renewable Energy Law during 2004 -2005, and the energy expert of the expert group for drafting China Circular Economy Law in 2007, both work were organized by Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation Committee of National People’s Congress. Prof. Zhang is currently the chief expert of the key research grant “Fundamentals of Climate Policy Decision” of China National Social Sciences Foundation, and co-chief scientist of the research project “Climate Change Mitigation Targets, Pathways and Policies” which is organized jointly by Ministry of Science and Technology and National Development and Reform Commission. Prof. Zhang is also coordinating a five-year research program titled China Automotive Energy Outlook: technologies and policies, which is tasked jointly by National Energy Administration and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and a research project “Beijing Emission Trade System Design” tasked by Beijing Municipal Government. Prof. Zhang has been a lead author of the 4th and 5th IPCC Climate Change Assessment Report and the coordinating lead author of the Chapter Energy of China National Climate Change Assessment Report. He is an associate editor of Energy- The International Journal and Energy for Sustainable Development, and a member of editorial board of Climate Policy. Dr. Zhang has been the secretary general of the New Energy Committee of China Energy Research Society since 2006, and vice chair of China Renewable Energy Industry Association since 2011.

The design and concept of Smart Energy Systems is crucial for large scale integration of renewable energy and in particularly in 100% renewable energy and transport systems. 100% renewable electricity systems has been analysed and shows that electricity storage systems of various kind become necessary. This however is introducing unnecessary losses into the system. The need to integrate other sectors of the energy system and to have a more holistic approach becomes crucial.

In energy systems with an increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy in the electricity grid, the demand for integrated systems increases. Smart Energy Systems are comprised of infrastructure which is significantly different from the infrastructure and design of today. It is not only comprised if electricity smart grids and the supply/demand for electricity. It can accommodate sector integration and the use of distributed renewable energy sources as well as efficient distributed integration of renewable energy. The integrated approach opens up for the use of many more renewable energy resources than single sector focuses does.

Smart Energy Systems are comprised of a number of smart grid infrastructures for different sectors in the energy system such as electricity grids, district heating and cooling grids as well as fuel infrastructure. Along with this there are a number of short term and longer term storage options. The gas grids and liquid fuels allows for long term storage while batteries in electric vehicles and heat pumps and thermal storages in district heating systems allows for shorter term storage and flexibility using the district heating and electricity grids.

The Smart Energy System concept enables a flexible and fuel efficient integration of large amounts of fluctuating renewable energy into the electricity, heat and transport sectors, and enables societies to unlock the dependence on bioenergy based or fossil fuels. It also enables a pathway to reduce the necessity to use biomass at all in the longer term. The Smart Energy System concept enables an intelligent use of potential carbon sources and can bridge such systems from today over an intermediate biomass based economy to a carbon and renewable energy based economy.

Prof. Brian Vad Mathiesen
Aalborg University
Aalborg, Denmark

Brian Vad Mathiesen, Professor in Energy Planning and Renewable Energy Systems at Aalborg University, holds a PhD in fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems (2008). His research focuses on technological and socio-economic transitions to renewables, energy storage, large-scale renewable energy integration and the design of 100% renewable energy systems. He is one of the leading researchers behind the concepts of Smart Energy Systems and electrofuels. He is on the Clarivate, Web of Science Highly Cited list (2015-2020), thus among the top 1% most cited researchers globally. Among other positions, he is member of the EU Commission expert group on electricity interconnection targets in the EU as well as Research Coordinator of the Sustainable Energy Planning Research group, Principal Investigator (PI) of the RE-INVEST and sEEnergies projects, and Programme Director for the MSc in Sustainable Cities. He has been PI, work package leader and participant in more than 60 research projects as well as editorial board member of The Journal of Energy Storage (Elsevier) and The Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water & Environment Systems; Associate Editor of Energy, Ecology and Environment (Springer) and Editor of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. Furthermore, he is a member of The Danish Academy of Technical Sciences (ATV) and a board member at The Danish Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program (EUDP).

Water resources in many river basins of the world are suffering from increasing pressures stemming from demographic and economic development often aggravated through highly variable climatic conditions.

As water resources play a pivotal role for public health, industrial production, energy and food security they form a backbone for development. Thus, a deeper analysis of the synergies and tradeoff between the different water uses becomes more urgent with increasing water scarcity.

Especially countries sharing trans-boundary water systems are in need of effective and science based approaches for cooperative water management to secure political stability and economic development. For sustainable water resources management a reliable assessment and forecasting of water availability and demand is needed along with a quantification of costs and benefits associated with certain water uses at different locations of the river basin.

The Eastern Nile Basin comprising the Blue Nile, Atbara and Lower Main Nile Basin is shared by Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt with a total population living within the basin of around 140 million and prospects for 2030 of around 200 million, reducing per capita water resources availability. Population growth, economic dynamics and possibly climate change will pose further pressures on the basin in particular on water related health, energy and food security issues. After analyzing the current situation in the basin the prospects of reaching a balance between water energy and food security applying mechanisms of benefit sharing will be discussed. Finally an analytical framework for trans-boundary river basins will be presented

Prof. Lars Ribbe
Cologne University of Applied Sciences
Koeln, Germany

Lars Ribbe obtained a degree in Chemistry at Bremen University, Master of Engineering at Cologne University of Applied Sciences and PhD at Jena University (Hydro-informatics). After research stays in USA, Sri Lanka, India, Syria, Brasil, Cuba and Chile he became Professor for Integrated Land and Water Resources Management at Cologne University of Applied Sciences and Director of the Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics (ITT) in 2009.

At ITT he coordinates several research projects in Asia, Africa and Latin America and heads the Centre for Natural Resources and Development - an international network of 11 universities fostering scientific exchange and collaboration related to the MDG 7. Prof. Ribbe promotes the concept of Enquiry-based learning throughout the different master courses at ITT and fosters the strong linkage between research and education through case studies. At Cologne University of Applied Sciences he is furthermore the coordinator of the interfaculty-research focus “NEXUS-Water Energy and Food Security”.

His research interests are in the area of River Basin Management including monitoring and modeling techniques to support informed decision-making processes. A recent focus of research is in the area of disaster risk management at river-basin level with the objective to develop novel approaches to community-based risk information systems to support coping with floods and droughts.

A direct link between emissions and GDP is experienced in the most countries. The urgent actions for mitigating climate change call for the decoupling of the economic growth from emissions. Innovative climate change mitigation technologies and systems have critical roles to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing greenhouse gas sinks. The wider adoption of existing climate‐friendly technologies, the development and deployment of demonstrated and innovative technologies, and increased utilization of non-fossil fuels are of importance together with the favorable policy incentives. Such options could create a new opportunities and possibilities for the future carbon-constrained economy. As an example, this lecture reviews the Swedish experience and examples on decoupling the development with emissions. In the presentation, the state-of-the art of the technologies, the policy incentives and barriers, and R&D needs are addressed. Different possibilities with integrated energy systems are proposed and analyzed.

Prof. Jinyue Yan
Royal Institute of Technology
Stockholm, Sweden

Dr. Yan is professor of Energy Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and Mälardalen University, Sweden. He is the director of the Future Energy Profile at supported (ca 10 MEuro) by Swedish Knowledge Foundation together with five industrial partners including ABB. He received his PhD at KTH in 1991. During 2001 to 2005, Dr. Yan was chair professor and head of Energy Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Prof. Yan’s research interests include simulation and optimization of advanced energy systems incl. advanced power generation; climate change mitigation technologies and related issues in environment and policy; clean development mechanism (CDM) and renewable energy, especially in biomass energy, and fundamental engineering thermodynamics. Prof. Yan published over 200 papers including the paper in Science and special feature article in ASME Mechanical Engineering.

Prof. Yan is editor-in-chief of the international journal, Applied Energy published by Elsevier, and the editor-in-chief of Handbook of Clean Energy Systems published by Wiley. He is conference chairman of the 3rd Int. Green Energy Conference (IGEC-III); Conf. Co‐Chair of IGEC‐IV, Beijing and ICAE2009 (Hong Kong); and Chair of Scientific Committee of ICAE2010 (Singapore), ICAE2011 (Italy), and chair of ICAE2012 (China) and ICAE2013 (South Africa). He is also members/associate editor of several international journals, including Energy, Energy Conversion and Management, Int. J. of Energy Research, Int. J. of Green Energy, Scientific Review (China), and Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering (Springer). He also serves as the advisory expert to the United Nation, European Union Commission, and Asian Development Bank, and other international organizations; Overseas Assessor of Chinese Academy of Sciences; and academic advisor to Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Amid growing concerns about climate change and long-term petroleum reserves, the food system looms large as a major user of fossil fuels and, as a result, producer of greenhouse gases (GHG). Indeed, these twin problems may be the significant drivers that catalyze change in the food system in the 21^st century. There are different possible pathways to a low carbon economy. Clearly, no single measure or technology will suffice, and the precise mix in each country will depend on the particular combination of political choices, market forces, resource availability and public acceptance.

The emphasis in the technology debate should be placed not only on mitigating and adapting to climate change but also on sustainable human development and, in particular, on poverty alleviation. Low-carbon technology should therefore be celebrated as a means by which countries can address human needs and reduce poverty, develop new economic opportuni­ties and markets and create good quality jobs. For industry, low carbon is best understood as the continuous reduction of the net GHG emissions per unit of product or service delivered.

Process innovations have to concentrate on the Agro-Food Sector out of various reasons:

• The raw materials for the food sector are renewable. The food sector is based on plants, produced out of CO2 and water with the help of sunlight – a process called photosynthesis.
• Only a small fraction of the plant material harvested ends finally up at the consumer’s table. The majority of the mass is “wasted” along the production chain and can be used for valuable by-products and useful energy. At the same tine, this sector uses great amounts of fossil energy for processing, storage and transport.
• The agro-food sector offers possibilities for the recovery of organic and organic components for recycling to and reuse in the agriculture. Waste water from the food processing can be recycled to the agriculture as well.
• New business opportunities in this sector are in the production of fine chemicals and energy (gaseous, liquid and solid biofuels).

In research, we will have to follow up the four main strategies for a transition to a Low-Carbon Economy:

• Reduction of necessary energy services by dematerialisation of products and services
• Improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of energy use
• A shift towards renewable resources for energy that emit no (or at least substantially less)      GreenHouseGases (GHGs)
• A shift towards renewable resources for materials.

In the paper systemic approches will be developend and case studies presented.

Dr. Hans Schnitzer
City Lab Graz
Graz, Austria

Study of Process Engineering at the Graz University of Technology. 1971 Research Assistant at the Institute for Chemical Engineering Fundamentals with Prof. Dr. Franz Moser. 1974 to 1976 Research Assistant with Prof. Dr. Otto Wolfbauer (Biochemical Engineering); main research area: modelling of biological waste water treatment plants. From 1977 on Assisting Professor at the Institute for Process Technology; main research area: industrial energy systems (renewable energy, absorption heat pumps and transformers); since 1989 Associate Professor; main research area: cleaner production and sustainability. 1992 Foundation of a private research company Stoff-Energie-Umwelt (STENUM) (Research Company for Materials-Energy-Environment). Guest Professor for Environmental Engineering at the Universities of Linz and Leoben (Austria), 1998 - 2010 Head of the Institute for Sustainable Techniques and Systems at JOANNEUM RESEARCH. Since 2003: vice head of the Institute for Process Engineering at the Graz University of Technology. Since 2005: guest professor at the Ho Chi Minh University in Saigon, Vietnam; 2006 visiting professor at the University in Siena, Italy; 2008 visiting professor at the University Parthenope, Naples, Italy

Research Activities:

Main research activities at present lay in the field of Cleaner Production in all its aspects as environmental management, technologies, process assessment, production logistics, energy concepts and the utilization of renewable resources for materials and energy in industrial processes. In cooperation with companies, systematic innovation towards sustainability; training materials, trainings and company coaching

            This paper analyzes energy efficiency in Serbia at the national level. Regardless of constant attempts to improve and increase energy efficiency and to expand utilization of renewable energy sources, it seems that accomplished results are still very modest.

            Energy efficiency cannot be analyzed on the basis of single indicators and without comprehensive analysis of economic and social situation. In this paper, the analysis is also made by comparison with neighboring countries and regions and contains consideration of necessary horizontal and vertical activities in energy sectors. Out of many, the following energy indicators are used: Total Primary Energy Supply – (TPES) and electricity consumption and CO₂ emissions per population or per Gross Domestic Product (GDP (ppp)). The approach includes the influence on recognition, intensity assessment and policy instruments ranking in the multiple criteria frame.

            The Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method is used for analyzing the intensity of key influences on success in the implementation of energy efficiency policy in Serbia and also in for the interpretation of the results. The analysis shows that identified energy policy instruments are such that the success in their implementation will depend on reformed institutional approach. This method can be applied in any other country.

Prof. Dušan Gvozdenac
Univeristy of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Novi Sad, Serbia

Prof. dr Dušan Gvozdenac is a professor at the University of Novi Sad. For more than 30 years he has been teaching at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad and for some 25 years he has been working as a consultant in energy projects in several countries in Europe, Africa and Far, Middle and Near East. The projects have been done for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), several programs of the European Union (EU), German Association for Technical Cooperation (GIZ), United States Agency for International Development (USAID) etc. He is the author of numerous papers published in international and domestic journals, the editor of international conference proceedings and the author of several training guidelines. He has also been a team leader or a team member in over 200 energy audits in industry and buildings and thus has gained extensive practical experience which is partly contained in this textbook. Recently he has published books: Morvay Z, Gvozdenac D: Applied Energy and Environmental Management, John Wiley, 2008 (and a translation into the Chinese language, 2010), Gvozdenac D at al: Measurement and Control in Thermal Process Engineering (in Serbian), FTN, 2009, Gvozdenac D: Cryogenic Technique (in Serbian), FTN, 2010, Gvozdenac D at al: Renewable Energy (in Serbian and English), FTN, 2012 and Gvozdenac D at al: Energy efficiency (in Serbian), FTN, 2012.